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Plans for September 30th

Today we will work with Moodle.  We are studying the Scout and Atticus podcast.  If you have free time, please use it to study videos on EnglishCentral.

Scout and Atticus

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Last week we began watching "To Kill a Mockingbird." The movie is narrated by a little girl called "Scout." "Scout" is a nickname, not the girl's real name. I think it's an unusual nickname. I've never met a little girl in the U.S. who was called "Scout." The word "scout" means "to look for something." So, perhaps Scout's father decided to call her "Scout" because she was always looking around for things.

Scout calls her father "Atticus." This is also unusual because "Atticus" is her father's first name and most American children don't call their parents by their first names. Dill, the little boy that Scout and her brother Jem meet early in the movie, wants to know why Scout calls her father "Atticus" because it's so unusual:

Dill: Why do you call your daddy Atticus?
Scout: 'Cause Jem does.
Dill: Why does he?
Scout: I don't know. He just started to ever since he began talking.

On the other hand, I have heard of other children calling their parents by their first names. As a matter of fact, my sister's children called her "Marti," which is her first name. Still, most American children call their parents something like "Mom" or "Dad."

In the beginning of the movie, a man named Mr. Cunningham brings some nuts for Atticus. Scout calls Atticus when she sees Mr. Cunningham, even though Mr. Cunningham says that there's no need to bother him. After Mr. Cunningham leaves, Atticus tells Scout not to call him the next time Mr. Cunningham comes. Listen to the dialogue:

Atticus: Scout, I think maybe . . . next time Mr. Cunningham comes, you better not call me.
Scout: I thought you'd wanna thank him.
Atticus: Oh, I do. I think it embarrasses him to be thanked.

Atticus is a very kind man and father. He would like to thank Mr. Cunningham for the food that he brings him, but he can see that being thanked embarrasses Mr. Cunningham so he tells Scout not to call him next time. Now, let's listen to the rest of the conversation between Scout and Atticus to find out why Mr. Cunningham feels embarrassed when he brings food to Atticus's family:

Scout: Why does he bring you all this stuff?
Atticus: He's paying me for some legal work I did for him.
Scout: Why does he pay you like this?
Atticus: That's the only way he can. He has no money.
Scout: Is he poor?
Atticus: Yes.
Scout: Are we poor?
Atticus: We are indeed.
Scout: [Are] we as poor as the Cunninghams?
Atticus: No, not exactly. Cunninghams are country folks, farmers. Crash hit them the hardest.

Atticus is a lawyer and Mr. Cunningham was his client. As Atticus explains to Scout, Mr. Cunningham has no money and so the only way that he can pay Atticus is to bring food from his farm.

The "crash" that Atticus mentions is the stock market crash of 1929. The crash of the stock market was the beginning of the Great Depression, which lasted for about 10 years. This movie takes place in the 1930s, during the Great Depression.

During the Great Depression, food prices dropped. This hurt the farmers because they could not get much money for the food they produced. This is one reason that Atticus says that the crash hit the farmers the hardest. Another reason is that the farmers were already very poor before the crash of the stock market.

Now, let's study the dialogue in more detail.

Atticus: Scout, I think maybe . . . next time Mr. Cunningham comes, you better not call me.

When Atticus says "you better not call me" it means the same as "you had better not call me." In English, you can say "you had better do such-and-such" to mean "you should do such-and-such" and some people just say "you better do such-and-such," as Atticus did here.

When people speak they sometimes leave out words that they would include if they were writing. Atticus's leaving out the "had" in "you had better not call me" is one example of this. Another example is when Scout leaves out the word "are" in the question "Are we as poor as the Cunninghams?":

Scout: [Are] we as poor as the Cunninghams?

When people speak in informal situations, they also tend to pronounce two or more words together as one word, instead of saying each word clearly. For example, instead of saying "do not" people often say "don't." In the following sentence Scout pronounces "you would" as "you'd" and "want to" as "wanna."

Scout: I thought you'd wanna thank him.

In standard English, this would be "I thought you would want to thank him." When you speak, I recommend that you say "want to" because "wanna" can sound a bit childish, unless you are speaking very quickly. When you write, you should definitely write "want to," not "wanna."

Scout: Why does he bring you all this stuff?
Atticus: He's payin' me for some legal work I did for him.

"Legal" means having to do with the law. So, Atticus is referring to work that he did as a lawyer as "legal work." When Atticus says "paying me" he pronounces it "payin' me." Americans often talk this way in informal situations. However, when Atticus speaks in court, he pronounces the "ing" sound at the end of words clearly.

Now that we have studied the dialogue, I hope you will find it easier to understand. Let's conclude by listening to the entire dialogue one more time.

Atticus: Scout, I think maybe . . . next time Mr. Cunningham comes, you better not call me.
Scout: I thought you'd wanna thank him.
Atticus: Oh, I do. I think it embarrasses him to be thanked.
Scout: Why does he bring you all this stuff?
Atticus: He's paying me for some legal work I did for him.
Scout: Why does he pay you like this?
Atticus: That's the only way he can. He has no money.
Scout: Is he poor?
Atticus: Yes.
Scout: Are we poor?
Atticus: We are indeed.
Scout: [Are] we as poor as the Cunninghams?
Atticus: No, not exactly. Cunninghams are country folks, farmers. Crash hit them the hardest.

試験の範囲

試験の範囲についていくつかの質問を受けています。Dictation問題（今まで授業中にMoodleでやってきたような問題）はReasonable doubtとWhat do you mean?（いずれも全文）から出題します。その他に、春学期に見た映画（『十二人の怒れる男』と『オズの魔法使い』）に関する論述形式の問題があります。

What do you mean? (日本語訳付き)

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Today, I'd like to talk about three ways in which the word "mean" can be used.	今日は”mean”という言葉の３つの使い方について話したいと思います。
The first way is to talk about the meaning of a particular word.	まず、特定の言葉の「意味」を指す、という使い方があります。
For example, if you are reading a book and you find an English word that you don't understand, you might point to the word and ask, "What does this word mean?"	例えば、本を読んでいて、知らない言葉が出て来たら、その言葉を指差して「この言葉はどういう意味ですか」と尋ねるかもしれません。
I strongly recommend that you ask questions like this about words that you don't understand.	理解できない言葉が出てきたら、このような表現を使って意味を尋ねることを強くお勧めします。
It's a great way to learn.	本当にいい学習方法だと思います。
The other two ways both come up in The Wizard of OZ several times.	残りの２つの使い方は「オズの魔法使い」という映画に繰り返し出てきます。
Here's a conversation between Miss Gulch and Uncle Henry that is an example of the second way in which the word "mean" can be used:	次のMiss Gulch（犬を連れ去ろうとした意地悪なおばさん）とUncle Henryとの間の会話は２つ目の”mean”の使い方の例になります。
Gulch: I want to see you and your wife right away about Dorothy.	ガルチ：ドロシーの件で、今すぐにあなたと奥さんに会いたい。
Henry: Dorothy? Well, what has Dorothy done?	ヘンリー：ドロシー？ドロシーが何をしたですって？
Gulch: What's she done? I'm all but lame from the bite on my leg!	ガルチ：何をしたって？私は足を噛まれて、もう少しで足が不自由になるところだったのよ。
Henry: You mean she bit you?	ヘンリー：ドロシーがあんたに噛みついたってこと？
Gulch: No, her dog!	ガルチ：まさか。犬よ。
Henry: Oh, she bit her dog, eh?	ヘンリー：ああ、ドロシーが犬を噛んだのかね？
Gulch: No!	ガルチ：違う！
It is clear from what Miss Gulch said that she has been bitten on her leg but she did not say who or what has bitten her.	足に噛まれたことは最初のMiss Gulchの話からわかりますが、だれ（それとも何）が噛み付いたのかは言いませんでした。
Since Miss Gulch began by saying that she came to talk about Dorothy, Uncle Henry asks if Miss Gulch is trying to say that Dorothy bit her.	Miss Gulchはドロシーのことで話したいと言うので、Uncle Henryは「ドロシーに噛まれた」ということか、と尋ねます。
It's difficult to hear all of the words but he is saying "You mean she bit you?"	言葉は少し聞き取りにくいかもしれませんが、”You mean she bit you?”と言っています。
This is the second way in which the word "mean" can be used -- to talk about what someone is trying to say or talk about.	これは「mean」の２つ目の使い方、つまり、人が言おうとしていることについて尋ねる使い方です。
Here's another example from the movie of this way of using the word "mean."	映画の中にあるこの使い方のもう一つの例を見てみましょう。
Dorothy is talking with Professor Marvel:	ドロシーはMarvel先生と話しています。
Dorothy: Oh, please, Professor, why can't we go with you and see all the Crowned Heads of Europe?	ドロシー：Marvel先生、先生と一緒にヨーロッパの貴族に会いに行けませんか？
Professor: Do you know any? Oh, you mean the thing . . . Yes, well, I -- I never do anything without consulting my crystal first.	Marvel先生：君、ヨーロッパの貴族に知り合いがいるのか・・・ああ、あのことか・・・そうですね。私はまず、占いの水晶玉を見ないと何も決められないね。
Dorothy asks about going to see the "Crowned Heads of Europe" (that is, kings and queens in Europe) because she saw the sign on Professor Marvel's wagon.	Marvel先生の荷馬車の看板にある「ヨーロッパの貴族の前で魔法を披露した」という文字をドロシーが見たので、「貴族に会いに連れて行って」と言います。
For a moment, Professor Marvel does not know what Dorothy is talking about but then he remembers his sign and says "Oh, you mean the thing" written on my wagon.	一瞬、Marvel先生は何のことかわかりませんが、看板のことを思い出し「ああ、荷馬車にあるあれ［看板］か」と言います。
So, in this case "Oh, you mean the thing" means "Oh, you are talking about the sign."	ですから、「ああ、あなたはあのことを言っているのか」というのは「ああ、あなたは看板のこと言っているのか」という意味になります。
Finally, here's an example of the third way in which the word "mean" can be used:	最後に、３つ目のmeanの使い方の例です。
Please, Aunt Em, Toto didn't mean to.	ドロシー：Emおばさん、お願いします。（犬の）トトはわざとやった訳ではありません。
He didn't know he was doing anything wrong.	悪気がありませんでした。
Dorothy is telling Aunt Em that Toto didn't intend to do anything wrong to Miss Gulch.	ドロシーはトトには悪いことをする意図がなかったことをEmおばさんに言っています。
Here's another example:	もう一つの例です。
Witch: Who killed my sister? Who killed the Witch of the East? Was it you?	魔女：だれが妹を殺したんだい？だれが東の魔女を殺したんだ？あんたかい？
Dorothy: No, no. It was an accident! I didn't mean to kill anybody!	ドロシー：いいえ、いいえ。事故でした。私はだれも殺そうとしていませんでした。
Dorothy uses the word "mean" in the same way after she kills the Wicked Witch of the West:	西の悪い魔女を殺した後に、ドロシーが同じような意味で”mean”という言葉を使います。
Guard: She's dead. You've killed her.	番人：死んでいる。あなたが殺したですね。
Dorothy: I didn't mean to kill her, really I didn't. It's just that he was on fire!	ドロシー：わざと殺したわけではありません。本当に。ただ、彼に火がついてしまい・・・
Here, too, Dorothy is saying that she didn't intend to kill anyone.	ここでも、ドロシーが人を殺す意図がなかったと言っています。
To review, the first way in which the word "mean" can be used is to talk about the meaning of a particular word, as in the sentence, "What does this word mean?"	おさらいしましょう。最初の"mean"の使い方は特定の言葉や表現の意味について話す使い方です。例えば、「この言葉の意味は何ですか？」という用法。
The second way is to talk about about what someone is trying to say or talk about, as in the sentence, "Do you mean that Dorothy bit you?"	２つ目は人が言おうとしていることについて尋ねる使い方です。例えば「ドロシーがあんたを噛んだってこと？」。
Finally, the third way is to use the word "mean" to talk about what someone did or did not intend to do, as in, "I didn't mean to do it. It was an accident."	最後に、３つ目の使い方は人がやろうとしていたこと、またはやろうとしていなかったことについて話す使い方です。例えば、「わざとやった訳ではなかった。事故だった。」

What do you mean?

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Today, I'd like to talk about three ways in which the word "mean" can be used. The first way is to talk about the meaning of a particular word. For example, if you are reading a book and you find an English word that your don't understand, you might point to the word and ask, "What does this word mean?" I strongly recommend that you ask questions like this about words that you don't understand. It's a great way to learn.

The other two ways both come up in The Wizard of OZ several times. Here's a conversation between Miss Gulch and Uncle Henry that is an example of the second way in which the word "mean" can be used:

Gulch: I want to see you and your wife right away about Dorothy.
Henry: Dorothy? Well, what has Dorothy done?
Gulch: What's she done? I'm all but lame from the bite on my leg!
Henry: You mean she bit you?
Gulch: No, her dog!
Henry: Oh, she bit her dog, eh?
Gulch: No!

It is clear from what Miss Gulch said that she has been bitten on her leg but she did not say who or what has bitten her. Since Miss Gulch began by saying that she came to talk about Dorothy, Uncle Henry asks if Miss Gulch is trying to say that Dorothy bit her. It's difficult to hear all of the words but he is saying "You mean she bit you?"

This is the second way in which the word "mean" can be used -- to talk about what someone is trying to say or talk about.

Here's a another example from the movie of this way of using the word "mean." Dorothy is talking with Professor Marvel:

Dorothy: Oh, please, Professor, why can't we go with you and see all the Crowned Heads of Europe?
Professor: Do you know any? Oh, you mean the thing . . . Yes, well, I -- I never do anything without consulting my crystal first.

Dorothy asks about going to see the "Crowned Heads of Europe" (that is, kings and queens in Europe) because she saw the sign on Professor Marvel's wagon. For a moment, Professor Marvel does not know what Dorothy is talking about but then he remembers his sign and says "Oh, you mean the thing" written on my wagon. So, in this case "Oh, you mean the thing" means "Oh, you are talking about the sign."

Finally, here's an example of the third way in which the word "mean" can be used:

Please, Aunt Em, Toto didn't mean to. He didn't know he was doing anything wrong.

Dorothy is telling Aunt Em that Toto didn't intend to doing anything wrong to Miss Gulch. Here's another example:

Witch: Who killed my sister? Who killed the Witch of the East? Was it you?
Dorothy: No, no. It was an accident! I didn't mean to kill anybody!

Dorothy uses the word "mean" in the same way after she kills the Wicked Witch of the West:

Guard: She's dead. You've killed her.
Dorothy: I didn't mean to kill her, really I didn't. It's just that he was on fire!

Here, too, Dorothy is saying that she didn't intend to kill anyone.

To review, the first way in which the word "mean" can be used is to talk about the meaning of a particular word, as in the sentence, "What does this word mean?" The second way is to talk about about what someone is trying to say or talk about, as in the sentence, "Do you mean that Dorothy bit you?" Finally, the third way is to use the word "mean" to talk about what someone did or did not intend to do, as in, "I didn't mean to do it. It was an accident."

今日のMoodle利用について

今日は今までと違う方法でMoodleを使いたいと思います。形式は小テストとなりますが、それは形式のみで「授業中の練習」と解釈して取り組んでほしいと思います。このブログに公開している"Reasonable Doubt"が教材となっていて、9つの小テストで勉強して行きます。

• 全体の説明
  全体を9つのほぼ100語程度の小さい部分に分けて勉強します。それぞれの部分に関するdictationの問題に答えた後に、意味を確認するために、選択肢から正解を選ぶような問題に答えてもらいます。難しいと感じたら心配しないでください。8割以上の正解率になるまだ何回受け直してもいいです。ごく慎重に受けるよりは、スピードを上げて複数回受けることをお勧めします。
• Dictation問題
  それぞれの空所には原則として二語が入ります。また、スペルのミスや大文字の間違いがあれば、その空所は「誤り」となります。正しい綴りや表記で記入できるようになってほしいと思います。
• 選択肢問題
  問題も選択肢も英語ですが、選択肢の意味を理解して正しいものを選ぶことができれば理解が深まるように作ったつもりです。
• それぞれの小テストを受けた直後に
  正解と不正解を確認できます。この段階で辞書を使ったり、友達や私と相談したりするのもいいと思います。8割以上が正解でなかった場合に、正解と不正解を十分に勉強した後にもう一度受けてください。8割以上の正解率ができたら、次の問題に進んでください。

なお、先週の授業のときに"trial and error"（「試行錯誤」）という言葉を黒板に書きました。Moodleの使い方との関係で説明したいと思っていましたが、時間がなくなり、説明できませんでした。"trial and error"というのは「試行錯誤」の意味で、教師の私にとって、Moodleの使用方法はまだ定まっていなく、「試行錯誤」を繰り返している段階だということを説明したいと思っていました。今日の使い方は今までと比べて「前進」になるだろうと思いますが、これからの改善のためには皆さんからのフィードバックが大切です。今日の授業で教室を回って、皆さんと話をしたいと思います。その時に、どのあたりが難しいかなどに関する皆さんの話を聞かせてください。よろしくお願いします。

Third quiz

今日は三つ目のクイズを行います。「守備範囲」は「I'd like to begin by talking about . . .」から　「. . . decide what is true and what is not true.」までです。問題は4つあります。

Another quiz

We will have another quiz today.  When I call you, go to Moodle and take the "May 20th Quiz."

Quiz

Today will be our first day to have a little quiz. When I call you to the front, click here and take the quiz.

パソコン室での一回目

1. EnglishCentralの登録
   ここをクリックして、EnglishCentral中のこのclassのメンバーとしての登録をしてください。 
2. Moodleそのものの登録
   ここをクリックして、Moodleの登録（あるいはログイン）をしてください。登録に当たって、次の説明を参考にしてください。
   

   学生の登録方法は、ログインをクリック
   普段使用している学生の個人アカウントとパスワードを入力
   正しくログインできると学生の名前が表示されたユーザー登録画面に進みます。
   そこで「氏名」、「学籍番号」、「メールアドレス」、「学部」、「学科」が必須入力項目なので学生に入力してもらいます。
   メールアドレスの項目でアカウントが表示されるので@e.kumagaku.ac.jpを追加して一番下の「プロファイルを更新する」をクリックすると登録したメールアドレスにMoodleからメールが送られているので、メールを確認させるようにしてください。
   受信して受信箱を見ると「KGU 経済学部 Moodle Siteのメール更新確認」というタイトルでメールが送られているので本文に書かれているURLをコピーしてブラウザで開かせてください。
   そうすると生徒の本登録が完了します。
   ちょっと長い説明になってしまいました。

   Moodle中の「アメリカ文化論I」の登録 Moodleにログインした後にHomeをクリックすれば、「基礎科目」「発展科目」「応用科目」が見えると思います。次に「発展科目」→「アメリカ文化論」→「私を受講登録する」をクリックしてください。
3.  Moodle中でEngllishCentralのuser名を教えてください。

Things to do today

Here's what I am planning to do in today's class:

1. Explain how to use materials on this web site
2. Take attendance and photos
3. Explain how to use dictionaries
4. Explain classrooms and schedule
1. Lecture classroom (1141): watching movies together
2. Computer room (13A): using computers to study English
• Moodle
• mp3s and mp4s
• EnglishCentral
5. Talk about grading
1. Attendance
2. Quizzes
3. Final examination
6. Start watching the movie

教室について

この授業は講義・映画鑑賞の教室（1141教室）とパソコン教室（13A）を交互に使います。最初の授業を1141教室で行い、次週（15日）は13Aで行います。

Reasonable doubt

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The first movie we will study in this class is called "12 Angry Men." It came out in 1957 and shows how 12 men decide whether or not a 17 year old boy is guilty of the crime of murder.

I'd like to begin by talking about some of the judge's instructions to the jury at the beginning of the movie.

You've listened to the testimony. You've had the law read to you and interpreted as it applies in this case. It's now your duty to sit down and try and separate the facts from the fancy.

Now, let's look at each sentence.

You've listened to the testimony.

"You've listened to the testimony." The judge is not speaking very clearly here. He sounds a little bored. I think he must be saying "You've listened to the testimony" but I can't hear him say "you've." The Longman English Dictionary says that the word "testimony" means "a formal statement that something is true." When people speak in a court of law about what happened in a case like this one, their speech is called "testimony." One important job of a juror is to listen to testimony.

You've had the law read to you and interpreted as it applies in this case.

"You've had the law read to you and interpreted as it applies in this case." Ordinary people become jurors. Unlike judges and lawyers, they are not experts on the law but they must make very important decisions based on the law. It is the job of the judge to make sure that the jurors have had the relevant laws read to them and that the laws have been explained properly. The jury system is based on the idea that, in a democracy, ordinary citizens are smart enough to understand the laws. In other words, ordinary citizens may not have broad knowledge of the law but they have the ability to understand the laws if they are explained properly.

It's now your duty to sit down and try and separate the facts from the fancy.

"It's now your duty to sit down and try and separate the facts from the fancy." A duty is something that someone must do. Longman says that it is "something that you have to do because it is morally or legally right." "Fancy" is something that is imagined but is not true. Longman says that fancy means "an idea or opinion that is not based on fact." So, in other words, the jurors must sit down and decide what is true and what is not true.

Now, let's listen to this part of the judge's instructions again.

You've listened to the testimony. You've had the law read to you and interpreted as it applies in this case. It's now your duty to sit down and try and separate the facts from the fancy.

Soon after this the judge tells the jurors that they must make their decision on the basis of "reasonable doubt."

If there's a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused -- a reasonable doubt -- then you must bring me a verdict of not guilty. Now if, however, there's no reasonable doubt, then you must in, good conscience, find the accused guilty.

"If there's a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused -- a reasonable doubt -- then you must bring me a verdict of not guilty." Longman says that "doubt" is "a feeling of being not sure whether something is true or right." The phrase "not sure" is important. Even if we think that it is likely that something happened, we may still have some doubts about it. It is also important to think about why we do not feel sure. The judge uses the phrase "reasonable doubt." "Reasonable" is based on the word "reason." If a doubt is "reasonable" there are reasons for it. It is possible to doubt anything. We might doubt, for example, that the sun will come up again tomorrow. However, if we don't have a reason to doubt that the sun will come up, our doubt is not a reasonable one. When the judge says "If there's a reasonable doubt . . . you must bring me a verdict of not guilty" he is saying that the jurors must consider whether or not there is a good reason to think that the boy might not be guilty. This is very different from considering whether or not the boy is probably guilty. This idea of "reasonable doubt" is at the heart of the jury system and this movie. Let's listen to the judge talk about reasonable doubt one more time.

If there's a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused -- a reasonable doubt -- then you must bring me a verdict of not guilty. If, however, there's no reasonable doubt, then you must in good conscience find the accused guilty.

The "verdict" is the decision that the jurors make. They will either say "guilty" or "not guilty." "The accused" is the boy. He has been accused of murder so he is called "the accused."

Then, the judge tells the jurors that their decision must be unanimous.

However you decide, your verdict must be unanimous.

"However you decide, your verdict must be unanimous." Longman says that "a unanimous decision, vote, agreement etc is one in which all the people involved agree." Everyone must agree. This, too, is a very important idea in the American jury system and in this movie. If one or more people on the jury do not agree with the other jurors they must talk more. The requirement that the decision be unanimous often forces the jurors to talk more than they would if it were only necessary that a majority or the jurors agree. It also makes it harder to find the accused guilty. In order to find the accused guilty, all twelve jurors must agree that there is not a reasonable doubt about the guilt of the accused.

Next quiz

来週は次のところに関するクイズをします。

Scout: Why does he bring you all this stuff?
Atticus: He's paying me for some legal work I did for him.
Scout: Why does he pay you like this?
Atticus: That's the only way he can. He has no money.
Scout: Is he poor?
Atticus: Yes.
Scout: Are we poor?
Atticus: We are indeed.
Scout: [Are] we as poor as the Cunninghams?
Atticus: No, not exactly. Cunninghams are country folks, farmers. Crash hit them the hardest.
Atticus is a lawyer and Mr. Cunningham was his client. As Atticus explains to Scout, Mr. Cunningham has no money and so the only way that he can pay Atticus is to bring food from his farm. 

参考までに、私の日本語訳をしたに示します。英文の意味がピンと来ない場合には訳を参考にしてください。（赤い字は映画の日本語字幕です。）

Scout: Why does he bring you all this stuff? 彼（Mr. Cunningham）はどうしてこれだけいろんなもの（食べ物）を持ってきてくれるの？（なぜ作物を家に？）
Atticus: He's paying me for some legal work I did for him. 以前、私が彼のためにした法律関連の仕事（弁護士としての仕事）に対する謝礼（支払い）として持ってきているんだ。（仕事をしてあげたお礼だ）
Scout: Why does he pay you like this? どうしてこういう支払い方にしているの？
（なぜ作物を？）Atticus: That's the only way he can. 他に彼にできる支払方法がないからだ。
He has no money. お金がなくて。（お金がないから、その代わりだ）
Scout: Is he poor? Mr Cunninhamは貧しい？（貧乏なの？）
Atticus: Yes. そうだ。（字幕なし）
Scout: Are we poor? 私たちも貧しい？（私たちも？）
Atticus: We are indeed. 間違いなくそうだ。（貧乏さ）
Scout: [Are] we as poor as the Cunninghams? 私たちはCunningham達と同じぐらい貧しい？（あの人と同じぐらい？）
Atticus: No, not exactly.  いや、それはちょっと違う。（それほどじゃない）Cunninghams are country folks, farmers. Cunningham達は田舎者、つまり農民だ。（彼の仕事は農業だし）Crash hit them the hardest. 大恐慌の打撃を一番強く受けたのは農民だ。（恐慌でものが売れない）